This new print publication provides a unique resource for scholars researching linguistic and literary history, the history of the language, social history, and more. Read more and see a sample page.
Brit. /
mar
g
ld/, U.S. /m
r
gold/ Forms: ME maregowlde, ME marie-goold, ME mariegolde, ME marigoold, ME marigoolde, ME marygoldye (perh. transmission error), ME marygoolde, ME-15 marigolde, ME-15 marigoulde, ME-15 marygolde, ME-15 marygoulde, ME-16 mary-gould, ME- marigold, ME- marygold, 15 maregolde, 15 marligold (transmission error), 15 mary goule, 15 mary gowle, 16 marry-gold, 19- Mary-Gold (Caribbean), 19- Mary Gould (Caribbean); Sc. pre-17 mareguld, pre-17 marigould, pre-17 mariguild, pre-17 mariguld, pre-17 maryguld, pre-17 17- marigold, 18- mairyguild. [< the female forename Mary (presumably with ref. to the Virgin Mary: see MARY n.1) + GOLD n.2 (the usual earlier English word for the plant (in sense A. 1a)).
Compare Middle Dutch m
rienbl
me (diminutive mrienbloemkijn; Dutch marienbloem), Middle Low German mrienblme (diminutive mrienbl
meken; German regional (Low German) Marienblaum, Marjenblöm, Marienblume), German Marienblume (diminutive Marienblümchen), lit. ‘Mary's flower’, usually denoting the daisy (though the Middle Dutch word renders solsequium marigold, in glossaries), another plant with flowers which open when the sun begins to shine. German tradition ascribes the origin of the name to a legend according to which the Virgin Mary, when picking a daisy for the baby Jesus, cut her finger, the drops of blood giving the characteristic red tips to the daisy's petals; an alternative Flemish tradition has the daisy originating in the tears spilt by the Virgin Mary. However, the foundation of the connection between Mary and both the daisy and the marigold may perhaps have been the association of Mary's responsiveness to God with these plants' characteristic property of opening in response to the sun's light (compare also the common typology of Jesus as the ‘sun of righteousness’ (see SUN n.1 3a)).
Occurs also in 15th cent. as seynt-marie-goold.
For form and pronunciation history of the second element compare GOLD n.2; the pronunciation /
mier
guol/ is recorded in 20th-cent. use in Jamaican English.]
A. n.
I. A plant with golden or yellow flowers.
1. a. A plant of the genus Calendula (family Asteraceae (Compositae)) with golden or bright yellow flowers; esp. C. officinalis (= pot marigold n. at POT n.1 Compounds 2). Also: a flower or flowering stem of any of these plants.
The property possessed by the flower of opening when the sun shines (whence the Latin name solsequium, French souci) was often referred to by writers of the 16th and 17th centuries. The flowers of C. officinalis were formerly used in medicines and conserves, and to give colour or flavour to foodstuffs.
a1400 in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell
Reliquiæ Antiquæ (1845) I. 55 Another drynk to wounde: tak confery, marigolde, matfelon, mylfoyle.
?a1425 (1373) J. L
ELAMOUR tr. Macer
Herbal f. 67
v, Solsequium: Redewort [
read Rodewort]
o
er marygoldye [
perh. read marygoldys].
a1500 in G. Henslow
Med. Wks. 14th Cent. (1899) 81 Take..1 quatron of mary-goulden.
1526 Grete Herball cxxxi. sig. Hv/2, Calendula. Mary gowles, or ruddes.
1578 H. LYTE tr. R. Dodoens
Niewe Herball II. xiii. 164 The conserue that is made of the floures of Mary~goldes..cureth the trembling..of the harte.
1594 T. NASHE Vnfortunate Traveller 9 The Marigold, which opens and shuts with the Sunne.
1597 J. GERARD Herball II. 600
Calendula multiflora orbiculata. Double Globe Marigolde.
1597 J. GERARD Herball II. 603
Calendula alpina. Mountaine Marigold.
a1613 T. OVERBURY Wife (1638) 70 His wit, like the Marigold, openeth with the sun.
1653 I. WALTON Compl. Angler xiii. 237 Take a pottle of water, and put into it two handful of Mary-golds.
1714 J. GAY Shepherd's Week I. 46 Fair is the Mary-Gold, for Pottage meet.
1753 E. CHAMBERS Cycl. Suppl. at
Marygold, The flowers of the common marygold..promote sweat, and are good to throw out small-pox, or any other eruption.
1839 D. M. MOIR Life Mansie Wauch (rev. ed.) xxiv. 306 The porter..was in prime condition, with a ream as yellow as a marigold.
1846 DICKENS Dombey & Son (1848) viii. 72 The small front-gardens had the unaccountable property of producing nothing but marigolds.
1895 MRS. H. WARD Bessie Costrell i. 8 Phloxes and marigolds grew untidily about their doorways.
1936 E. S. R
OHDE Herbs & Herb Gardening ix. 128 Marigolds, including the old Pot Marigold.., have for some years been coming into favour again.
2001 Austral. Gourmet Traveller Aug. 122/1 Two sticks of incense burn beneath a picture of the smiling Hindu elephant god Ganesh and a garland of orange and yellow marigolds hangs from the rear-view mirror.
b. A plant of the genus Tagetes (family Asteraceae (Compositae)), native to Central and South America and Mexico but cultivated elsewhere, and having feathery foliage and flowers in various shades of yellow, orange, maroon, etc.; esp. T. erecta (more fully African marigold) and T. patula (= FRENCH MARIGOLD n.). Also: a flower or flowering stem of any of these plants. Usu. with distinguishing word.
The identity of the plant referred to in quot. 1548 is unclear. Turner does not list it among the ‘Names of newe founde Herbes, wherof is no mention in any olde auncient wryter’, implying that he associated the name ‘french Marigoulde’ not with the exotic Tagetes, but with an established Old World plant (perh. a yellow pansy or wallflower).
[
1548 W. TURNER Names of Herbes sig. G.viij, Viola flammea..otherwyse called Phlox or Phlogion is the herbe as Gesner thynketh, whiche is called in duche Fluelblum, and in englishe veluet floure or french Marigoulde.]
1578 H. LYTE tr. R. Dodoens
Niewe Herball II. xxv. 176 We do call this floure Turkie Gillofers, and French Marygoldes.
1611 R. COTGRAVE Dict. French & Eng. Tongues,
Oeillet d'Inde, the Turkie, or Affrican Marigold, or Gilliflower; also, the French Marigold, or Gingioline flower (which is the single kind of the Affrican).
1785 T. MARTYN tr. J.-J. Rousseau
Lett. Elements Bot. xxvi. 397 French and African Marigolds, two of the gaudy annuals of the flower garden.
1895 B. M. CROKER Village Tales (1896) 150 Wreaths of evil-smelling marigolds (that noxious flower so amazingly dear to the native of India).
1917 H. W. R. MARLOTH Dict. Common Names Plants 48
Khaki bush,
Tagetes minuta, one of the Mexican marigolds which has become a troublesome weed.
1975 Country Life 13 Feb. 388/2 Tagetes marigolds are not at all bad in shade.
2002 Horticulture July-Aug. 24/2 Perhaps they haven't yet discovered the charming Gem series of signet marigolds (
Tagetes tenuifolia ).
c. The corn marigold, Chrysanthemum segetum. Obs.
1578 H. LYTE tr. R. Dodoens
Niewe Herball II. xxxiii 190 Of Goldenfloure, or the wild Marygolde.
1818 KEATS Endymion II. 72 Ripe October's faded marigolds.
1838 M. HOWITT Harvest-field Flowers in
Birds & Flowers ii, The poppy red, the marigold, The buglos brightly blue.
d. Caribbean. Any of several plants of the genus Wedelia (family Asteraceae (Compositae)), which are low-growing weeds with bright yellow flowers. Also: the bur-marigold Bidens reptans.
1864 A. H. R. GRISEBACH Flora Brit. W. Indian Islands 785 Marygold:
Wedelia carnosa.
1955 W. Indian Med. Jrnl. 4 160
Wedelia gracilis..Marigold.
1961 F. G. CASSIDY Jamaica Talk xvi. 385
Mary Gould (applied to at least two plants).
2. a. With distinguishing word: any of various related or similar plants.
bur, Cape, corn-, fetid, fig, marsh, Spanish, water, West Indian marigold: see the first element.
1578 H. LYTE tr. R. Dodoens
Niewe Herball 32 The Braue Bassinet, or Marshe Marigolde.
1629 J. PARKINSON Paradisus (1656) xxv. 207 The great double Windflower of Constantinople...Some gentlewomen call this Anemone, The Spanish Marigold.
1786 J. ABERCROMBIE Gardeners Daily Assistant 115 Sow..cape-marigold, yellow sultan, Virginia tobacco, &c.
1855 A. PRATT Flowering Plants & Ferns Great Brit. III. 256 Nodding Bur Marigold.
1992 M. I
NGROUILLE Diversity & Evol. Land Plants 156 They include diverse families like the cacti (Cactaceae), pinks (Caryophyllaceae),..and fig-marigolds (Aizoaceae).
b. marigold of Peru n. a sunflower (genus Helianthus). Obs.
1597 J. GERARD Herball II. 612 Of the flower of the Sunne, or the Marigolde of Peru.
1613 S. PURCHAS Pilgrimage VIII. ii. 616 The flower of the Sunne is no longer the Marigold of Peru, but groweth in many places with vs in England.
1688 R. HOLME Acad. Armory II. iv. 96 He beareth Argent, a flower of the sun, with one leaf sliped. This is called the Corn Marigold of Peru, of which there are two sorts, the one bearing round, the other oval yellow flowers.
3. The flower of the marigold (esp. in sense A. 1a), as represented in art and heraldry.
1614 W. SEGAR MS. Harl. 6140 f. 79, To Y
e wife of molins...Florio Aug
t 1614 per W
m segar Garter. [caption to illustration of a coat of arms bearing a flower] a mary-gould.
1634 in J. O. Halliwell
Anc. Inventories (1854) 24 One other linnen sweete-bagge imbroydered with marygolds.
1894 H. GOUGH &
J. PARKER Gloss. Terms Heraldry (new ed.) 392 Three squirrels sejant argent, each holding a marigold slipped proper.
1986 P. L
EWIS & G. D
ARLEY Dict. Ornament 242/2 His [
sc. William Morris's] designs include columbines,..marigolds, daisies, jasmine, etc.
4. The bright orange-yellow colour of the marigold flower. See also marigold colour n. at Compounds 1.
1839 A. URE Dict. Arts 420 Red with yellow, produces orange... To this shade may be referred flame colour,..marigold.
1923 Daily Mail 28 Feb. 1/3 (
advt.) Shades of..Jade, Silver Grey or Marigold.
1975 Country Life 20 Mar. 744/2 Their clothes are matched to a limited number of colours...there are cornflower/cool cornflower, mint/cool mint, and marigold/cool marigold.
II. Extended uses.
5. a. Some kind of jewellery setting, perh. of the colour of a marigold flower. Obs.
1529 in J. G. Nichols & J. Bruce Wills Doctors' Commons (1863) 19 A mullett of dyamountes set in maregolde.
b. slang. A gold coin (prob. a sovereign or unite). Obs. rare.
1663 A. COWLEY Cutter of Coleman-St. II. iii. 17
Aur. Give but a Bill under your hand to pay me five hundred pounds in Gold [etc.]...
Pun. I'l..presently go put five hundred Mari-golds in a purse for you.
c. A small cake garnished with almonds and currant jelly, made to resemble a marigold flower. Obs. rare.
1896 Sun 11 Dec. 1/7 Those dainty little cakes called ‘marigolds’.
6. In full marigold apple. A variety of apple with a striped skin. Also marigold spice-apple. Obs.
1577 B. GOOGE tr. C. Heresbach
Foure Bks. Husbandry II. f. 87, We haue at this day that are cheefe in price the Pippin, the Romet, the Pomeroyal, the Marligold [
sic].
1629 J. PARKINSON Paradisi in Sole 587 The Marligo is the same, that is called the Marigold apple.
1664 J. EVELYN Kalendarium Hortense 58 in
Sylva, Apples..Winter-Queening, Marigold, Harvey-apple.
1676 J. WORLIDGE Vinetum Britannicum 40 The Marigold-apple (sometimes called Johns Permain, the Kate-apple, and the Onion-apple).
1676 J. WORLIDGE Vinetum Britannicum 159 The Marigold-Apple, (so called from its being marked in even stripes in the form of a Marigold).
1710 W. SALMON Family Dict. (ed. 5) 78 Such [cider] as is made of the choicest Apples, as..Marigold Apple, Queen Apple, Codling, &c.
1728 R. BRADLEY Dict. Botanicum II. at
Malus, The Marrigo is the same, that is called the Marigold Apple; it is a middle-siz'd Apple, very yellow on the outside, shadowed over as it were with red, and more red on one side.
1805 R. W. DICKSON Pract. Agric. II. 1063 (
note) Marygold spice-apple; yellow ground, light brown about the stem, highly and beautifully tinged with pink, mild acid, of a spicy relish, makes excellent cider..; it is a delicate fruit also for the table, and keeps long.
III. With ref. to Queen Mary I of England (1514-58).
7. A follower or supporter of Queen Mary I. Obs. nonce-use.
1558 J. HALES in J. Foxe
Actes & Monuments (1576) II. 2006/1 Men..who were Marygouldes, that folowed Maryes madde affections.
B. adj. Of the colour of the marigold flower, bright orange-yellow.
1872 G. M. HOPKINS Let. 22 Mar. (1956) 55, I am jaundiced all marigold under the eyes.
1908 L. M. MONTGOMERY Anne of Green Gables ii. 30 To the west a dark church spire rose up against a marigold sky.
1916 D. H. LAWRENCE Amores 49 Cluck, my marigold bird, and again Cluck for your yellow darlings.
1977 D. A
BSE Coll. Poems 12 Their faces gold in the marigold sunset.
COMPOUNDS
C1. General attrib.
marigold arrangement n.
1899 J. CAGNEY tr. R. von Jaksch
Clin. Diagnosis (ed. 4) i. 65 Where the segments are fewer..and result in the characteristic *marigold arrangement, the diagnosis of quartan fever may be made.
marigold colour n.
1774 O. GOLDSMITH Hist. Earth VIII. 56 A gummy fluid, of a *marigold colour.
1993 J. B
AULING Ransacked Heart (BNC) viii, The dark grey eyes swept the vivid marigold colour of her short tight skirt.
marigold flower n.
c1450 in W. R. Dawson
Leechbk. (1934) 320 Tak..a grete quantitee of *marigold flours.
1566 W. PAINTER Palace of Pleasure I. vi. f. 20, The flaryng Marigolde floure, whiche in the moste feruent heate of the Sommers daie, doeth appere moste glorious.
1747 J. WESLEY Primitive Physic (1762) 89 Eat Marigold Flowers daily as a Sallad.
1988 R. M
ABEY Compl. New Herbal 46 Marigold flowers are an excellent remedy for inflamed or ulcerated conditions.
marigold leaf n.
c1450 Med. Recipes (BL Add. 33996) in F. Heinrich
Mittelengl. Medizinbuch (1896) 169 Tak *marigolde leues..& do
er to a good quantyte of hony.
1653 N. C
ULPEPER Eng. Physitian Enlarged 154 The Juyce of Marigold Leavs mixed with Vinegar, and any hot swelling bathed in it, instantly giveth ease and asswageth it.
1939 M. R
UKEYSER Turning Wind 49 The deep grass, the stamping grass and parsley, marigold leaves and daisies.
C2. marigold apple n. see sense A. 6.
marigold bird n. Obs. rare = marigold finch n.
1772 J. RUTTY Ess. Nat. Hist. Dublin I. 313 Nettle creeper or *Marigold Bird, from the fine crown on its head, of the colour of a Marigold flower.
marigold finch n. rare the goldcrest, Regulus regulus.
1828 J. FLEMING Hist. Brit. Animals 72 Golden-crested Wren..*Mary~gold Finch.
1885 C. SWAINSON Provinc. Names Brit. Birds 25 Goldcrest... So called from its crest of golden-coloured feathers, from which..it has received the names of Golden-crested wren,..Marigold finch, [etc.].
marigold sunflower n. Obs. rare a ‘female’ sunflower (see quot. 1597).
1597 J. GERARD Herball II. 614 The female or *Marigolde Sunne flower hath a thicke and wooddie roote.
marigold water n. Obs. a decoction of marigold flowers; also 
marigold flower water.
1639 Distiller of London 12
Aq. Calendulæ, *Marigold-water.
1692 W. Y-W
ORTH Introitus Apertus 78
Aqua Calendularum, or, Marigold Water.
1696 W. SALMON Family Dict. (ed. 2), Marigold-Water... This is an excellent Water for Inflamed Eyes... Marigold-flower-Water.
marigold window n. Archit. a rose window.
1736 F. DRAKE Eboracum II. ii. 529 A fine piece of masonry [in York Minster] in form of a wheel, or as Mr. Torre writes a marygold, from whence it is called the *marygold window.
1837 R. B. W
INKLES French Cathedrals 7 A rose or marigold window is placed over the central opening.
1910 N.E.D. at
Rose-window, A Catherine or marigold window.
This message is confidential. You should not copy it or disclose its contents to anyone. You may use and apply the information for the intended purpose only. OUP does not accept legal responsibility for the contents of this message. Any views or opinions presented are those of the author only and not of OUP. If this email has come to you in error, please delete it, along with any attachments. Please note that OUP may intercept incoming and outgoing email communications.
No comments:
Post a Comment