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consume, v.1

DRAFT REVISION Sept. 2010

Brit. /knsjum/, U.S. /kns(j)um/  Forms: ME consumpt (past participle), ME consumpte (past participle), ME consvme, ME conswme, ME- consume, 15 consewme, 15 consmed (past participle, transmission error), 15 conssume, 18 consim (Eng. regional (Suffolk)); Sc. pre-17 conseum, pre-17 consome, pre-17 consoume, pre-17 consowme, pre-17 consum, pre-17 17- consume. [< classical Latin consmere to destroy, wear away, to kill, (in legal use) to annul, extinguish (a right, agreement, etc.), to wear down, exhaust, to eat, devour, to take (a medicine), to use up, expend, to swallow up, merge, to spend (money or resources), to spend (time), to waste, squander < con- CON- prefix + smere to take up (see SUMPSIMUS n.). Compare Anglo-Norman and Middle French, French consumer to destroy, to wear away, to exhaust (first half of the 12th cent. in Old French, chiefly with reference to passion or grief exhausting a person), to pine (early 15th cent. or earlier in Anglo-Norman, used reflexively), to use up (food or drink) (first half of the 15th cent. or earlier in an apparently isolated attestation, subsequently from 1538; obsolete in this sense after late 18th cent., the usual word in this sense now being consommer: see discussion at CONSUME v.²), to waste, squander (time, property, etc.) (1448), (of fire) to burn up, reduce to ashes (1546; compare Old French consumir in same sense (12th cent., only in biblical texts)), (of an illness) to wear (a person) down slowly (1690), and also Old Occitan consumar, consumir (both 13th cent.), Catalan consumir (14th cent.), Spanish consumir (first half of the 13th cent.), Portuguese consumir (13th cent.), Italian consumare (a1250).
  In past participle forms consumpt, consumpte after the Latin past participle form consumptus. Compare also CONSUMPT adj.] 

    I. Senses relating to physical destruction.

    1. trans. To cause to evaporate or disappear; to disperse. Also with away. Obs.

a1398 J. TREVISA tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 123^v, In heruest, to grete drines consume and wasti substancial moisture and make bodyes feble. a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm. 1396) 74 Take a potel of water & of barly clensid..sugre of rosis..see hem to iij parties ben consumed, & anne lete him drynke. c1425 LYDGATE Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A. 4) I. l. 643 Til e moystour consumed be a-way. ?1550 H. LLWYD tr. Pope John XXI Treasury of Healthe (new ed.) sig.G.v^v, Let .xl. yonge buddes of a bramble that beareth beryes be put contynually to boyle, til half y^e water be consumed. 1584 T. COGAN Hauen of Health Ep. Ded. ¶ 3, It keepeth the bodie from corruption, and defendeth that naturall moysture be not lightly dissolued & consumed. 1611 Bible (A.V.) Job vii. 9 As the cloud is consumed and vanisheth away. 1658 W. JOHNSON tr. F. Würtz Surgeons Guid II. xxiii. 141 Stir it well about..consume away the water. 1747 H. GLASSE Art of Cookery xvi. 146 Let it simmer over the Fire six or seven Hours, till half the Water is consumed. 1860 J. RUSKIN Mod. Painters V. 188 Its light became so great as to conceal the sea-horizon, consuming it away in descending rays.

    2. a. trans. To destroy, corrode, wear away; (of fire) to burn up, reduce to ashes.

a1398 J. TREVISA tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. XVI. lxix. 860 Nitrum abate fattenes..consume and waste gleymy humours. c1405 (c1390) CHAUCER Parson's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 345 Gownes..wasted, consumed, thredbare, & roten w^t dong. a1425 (a1382) Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Corpus Oxf.) (1850) Lev. vi. 23 Sacrifice of preestis with fier shal be consumyd, ne eny shal eete of it. c1425 LYDGATE Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A. 4) I. l. 2435 To assches ei al moste a man consume. c1540 Destr. Troy 9531 Fyve hundrith..shippes Consumet full cleane. 1570-6 W. LAMBARD Perambulation Kent (1826) 161 Two hundreth of the houses consumed by flame. 1611 Bible (A.V.) Gen. xli. 30 The famine shall consume the land. 1617 J. WOODALL Surgions Mate 282 Oyle [of Vitriol]..consumeth the teeth. 1697 DRYDEN tr. Virgil Georgics III, in tr. Virgil Wks. 121 The slow creeping Evil eats his way, Consumes the parching Limbs. 1732 G. BERKELEY Alciphron I. IV. xxiv. 262 Because London was not swallowed up or consumed by Fire from Heaven. 1781 GIBBON Decline & Fall III. 241 Fire could scarcely consume the enormous beams of solid brass. 1862 C. MERIVALE Hist. Rom. under Empire (1871) V. xlii. 138 To consume the remains in the forum. 1885 Times 20 Jan. 5/3 The pine woodwork and fittings of the interior were quickly consumed, and the building was totally destroyed. 1943 Triumphs of Engin. 77/2 Rams push the raw coal on at one end and by the time it is completely consumed the ash is tipped off at the other. 1991 Jrnl. Amer. Inst. Conservation 30 155/1 The trapped gasses accelerate deterioration in the immediate area and essentially consume the inside of the objects.

    b. intr. To burn with fire, be reduced to ashes. Also fig. Now rare.

c1425 LYDGATE Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A. 4) III. l. 5725 Eban tre..ou it be leide amonge e colis rede..It nat consvmeth. a1616 SHAKESPEARE Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) V. v. 92 Breake thou in peeces, and consume to ashes. 1712 POPE Sappho in tr. Ovid Epist. (ed. 8) 8 While I consume with more than Ætna's Fires! 1794 J. HUTTON Diss. Philos. Light 156 Were this body then to consume by itself, as it does when associated with other burning coals. 1823 T. DE QUINCEY Dice in London Mag. Aug. 118/1 A great fire, in the midst of which was consuming the old black book. 1854 E. A. GUILD Thoughts to help & to Cheer 85 When the spirit of the Lord kindles a divine flame, the sins of the flesh and the spirit begin to consume in the fire of his presence. 1914 G. R. WOODWARD & H. MATTINGLY tr. St. John Damascene Barlaam & Ioasaph 411 Herakles..is represented..as slaying his own children, then consuming with fire and thus dying. 1945 Folklore 56 319 This they duly did, hanging the heart on the big hook..over the open hearth.., and sitting down beside it in the ingle-nooks while it consumed.

    c trans. To swallow up in destruction. Obs.

1526 Bible (Tyndale) 1 Cor. xv. 54 Deeth is consumed into victory. 1658 J. USSHER Ann. World VI. 424 The horses were partly (the ships being broken) consumed in the sea.

    3. a. trans. To kill or destroy (a person). Esp. in later use, of a disease. Also refl.

c1425 LYDGATE Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A. 4) I. 799 Scharp swerdys..consumeth al and sleth. ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl.) (1879) VII. 91 The vengeaunce of God entrede amonge those mansleers..untille that e hoste was consumpte moche. a1538 T. STARKEY Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 32 The pepul schold be consumyd. 1599 Master Broughtons Lett. ix. 33 Consuming them vp either by executions or exactions. 1606 G. W. tr. Justinus Hist. Gg 5 a, Florianus..by cutting and launcing his owne vaines..consumed himselfe. 1665 T. MANLEY tr. H. Grotius De Rebus Belgicis 325 The rest were consumed either by Poverty or Diseases. 1712 E. COOKE Voy. S. Sea 97 Tho' they could not entirely subdue those invincible Savages, they tir'd, harrass'd, and consum'd them. 1732 G. BERKELEY Serm. to Soc. Propagation Gospel in Wks. (1871) III. 243 This slow poison, jointly operating with the small-pox, and their wars..have consumed the Indians. 1824 Times 23 Oct. 2/1 The plague had begun to consume them before the fire-ships of the Greeks reduced them to ashes. 1854 Gentleman's Mag. Oct. 339/1 The fatigue of the journey occasioned the return of the fever which slowly consumed him, and he was from that time confined to his bed. 1944 J. EYRE tr. V. Odoyevski in Slavonic & East European Rev. 3 102 In one family a contagious fever appeared and consumed all the members. 1991 A. NIKIFORUK Fourth Horseman vi. 91 The shepherd was the very first human consumed by ‘the unspeakable disease’.

    b intr. Of a person: to waste away, esp. from disease; (also) to pine. Also with away. Obs.

1495 Trevisa's Bartholomeus De Proprietatibus Rerum (de Worde) XIX. xxi. sig. JJiij^v, It faryth..in those those whyche done consume and waste. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Psalms vi. 7 For very inwarde grefe, I consume awaye. 1555 R. EDEN tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde II. i. f. 53^v, Fogeda also throwgh the maliciousnes of the veneme, consumed and was dryed vp by lyttle & lyttle. a1661 T. FULLER Worthies (1662) Yorks. 191 He consumed away of a suddain, dying within a month. a1677 J. TAYLOR Contempl. State Man (1684) I. iv. 40 The proud man grieves and consumes for the felicity of another. 1798 A. PLUMPTRE tr. A. von Kotzebue Nat. Son I. viii. 18 What have we here? a poor sick woman, pining, consuming away. 1826 W. CARPENTER Pop. Introd. Stud. Holy Script. II. iii. 412 He was left slowly to consume and die in this lingering and most miserable manner.

    4 a. intr. Of a thing: to waste away, decay, rot. Also with away. Obs.

1526 W. BONDE Pylgrimage of Perfection III. sig. MMMviii, To lye vnoccupyed..and so to perysshe, consume & wast. 1533 T. PAYNELL tr. U. von Hutten De Morbo Gallico f. 5^v, The fleshe consumeth awey, & ther remayneth but onely the skyn to couer the bones withal. 1611 Bible (A.V.) Ps. xlix. 14 Their beauty shall consume in the graue. 1632 W. LITHGOW Totall Disc. Trav. VI. 256 An Apple..like to the colour of gold, and within was rotten, and would consume to powder. 1634 T. HERBERT Relation Trav. 199 All the wounded body..rots and consumes most rufully. 1705 W. FLEETWOOD Relative Duties Parents & Children 194 Gold, and Pearls, and costly rich Apparel are all of them perishable things; things that corrupt, consume, and wear away in time. 1749 T. SMOLLETT Regicide V. vii. 75 Alas! thou fading Flower How fast thy Sweets consume! a1827 W. BLAKE Four Zoas in Poetry (1965) IX. 381 The fruit shall ripen & fall down & the flowers consume away But thou shalt still survive. 1845 W. M. BEST Treat. Presumptions Law & Fact II. iii. 76 Records and letters-patent, and other writings, either consume or are lost, or embezzled.

    b. trans. To cause (organic matter) to decompose. Obs.

1585 J. NORDEN Sinfull Mans Solace f. 26, Death doe thou thy duetie too,..my corps consume full fast. 1626 BACON Sylva Sylvarum §330 In Church-yards, where they bury much..the Earth..will consume the Corps, in far shorter time than other earth will. 1659 J. PEARSON Expos. Creed (1662) iv. 242 The bodies were often left upon the Crosse till the sun and rain had putrified and consumed them. 1756 A. BUTLER Lives Saints II. 391 The saint's tomb was opened where the body had laid 330 years. The flesh was consumed, but the bones entire and perfectly joined together.

    5. trans. Used in optative subjunctive to express annoyance, hatred, dismissal, etc. Cf. DAMN v. 5. In later use Eng. regional. Now rare.

1756 W. TOLDERVY Hist. Two Orphans III. 187 Consume you, cried he; you have been mumping about..more than three weeks; go, take yourself away. 1823 E. MOOR Suffolk Words 86 Consim it, a moderated imprecationconsume it. 1875 ‘S. BEAUCHAMP’ Nelly Hamilton II. 141 Consume his oud body.

    II. Senses relating to the use or exploitation of resources.

    6. trans.

    a. To eat or drink; to ingest.

c1400 WYCLIF Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) III. 157 If we taken hede to noumbre of ese prestis and quantite of hor fode at ei consumen, no folc in is worlde maken more waste. a1500 (c1477) T. NORTON Ordinal of Alchemy (BL Add.) 1243 Lett not youre maters ete ouyrhastelie, But siselye consume theire foode leyserlye. 1587 G. TURBERVILLE Tragicall Tales f. 68, The meate was all consumde, the dishes emptie stoode. 1627 M. DRAYTON Moone-calfe in Battaile Agincovrt 160 In some sixe dayes iourney doth consume Ten pounds in Suckets and the Indian Fume. 1656 B. HARRIS tr. J. N. de Parival Hist. Iron Age II. I. vi. 176 The Garrison [had been] forced by famine, to consume all their horses. 1703 Levellers in Harl. Misc. (Park) V. 454 So they all fell heartily to pecking till they had consumed the whole provision. ?1761 ‘B. MONTFICHET’ Life & Opinions I. ii. 19 When she grew biggish, requiring no doubt, more substantial food, she consumed by degrees the whole and intire mass of his brains. 1853 THACKERAY Newcomes (1854) I. viii. 74 Whilst his Excellency consumed betel out of a silver box. 1870 E. PEACOCK Ralf Skirlaugh I. 52 Wine and punch had been consumed freely. 1925 Time 26 Oct. 28/3 Thayer Wilshire received his weekly pay, entered a drug store, consumed thirteen 10-cent ice creams, six bottles of soda, two ham sandwiches, [etc.] 1955 T. DOBZHANSKY Evolution, Genetics, & Man viii. 179 When hybrids are produced, they consume food and occupy the place in the sun which can otherwise be exploited by the parental species. 1990 Friends of Wine Spring 46/2 This sophisticated and mysterious beverage is consumed in a variety of ways.

    b. To use up (esp. a commodity or resource), exhaust.

a1527 R. THORNE in R. Hakluyt Divers Voy. (1582) sig. C, 360. degrees of latitude to be consumed in the said foure quarters, of ninetie degrees a quarter. 1651 T. HOBBES Leviathan II. xxx. 181 The Impositions..layd upon those things which men consume. a1763 W. SHENSTONE Elegies in Wks. (1764) I. xi. 27, I trimm'd my lamp, consum'd the midnight oil. 1774 J. PRINGLE Disc. Air 22 An ordinary candle consumes, as it is called, about a gallon of air in a minute. 1862 B. BRODIE Psychol. Inq. II. iii. 87 The nervous force is consumed equally in mental and in bodily exertion. 1878 H. H. GIBBS Ombre Pref. 7 My friends have consumed the two hundred copies that were struck off. 1920 W. A. M. GOODE Econ. Cond. Centr-Europe I. 12 In full working the cotton mills of Russia consumed about 1,500,000 bales of cotton per annum. 1944 Econ. Hist. Rev. 14 8 For most materials, including cotton, rubber and steel, the world could have easily consumed all the available supply if it had the power to purchase it. 1994 Data Communic. Internat. 21 Nov. 33/2 A key part of the baselining process is to determine which protocols are consuming the network's resources.

    c. To purchase or use (goods or services); to be a consumer of; see CONSUMER n. 2. Also intr.

1601 G. DE MALYNES Treat. Canker Englands Commonw. III. 107 Were it not that the forrein commodities are consumed within the realme, it were great reason that as the price thereof is risen, so likewise the custome should be payd somewhat accordingly. 1691 Linnen & Woollen Manufactory Discoursed 10, I have before mentioned how they consume our Product. 1713 Gen. Hist. Trade 6 What we Consume of the Produce of other Countries at home. 1774 E. LONG Hist. Jamaica I. I. xii. 313 They also consume some share of British wares and manufactures for their cloathing, tools, nets, and other necessaries. 1826 Monthly Rev. Feb. 121 Is it not..perfectly immaterial whether we say a people are indisposed to consume or produce, when we mean to convey, that they are unable to purchase, or unwilling to labour. 1856 Jrnl. Soc. Arts 14 Nov. 806/2 If all the stockings then manufactured were consumed in the United Kingdom,..the supply would scarcely amount to one pair of stockings per annum per head of the population. 1940 G. CROWTHER Outl. Money iii. 90 The goods and services which the ordinary family consumes. 1991 Atlantic June 61/2 Because everyone can consume without necessarily helping to produce, there is always a temptation to take a free ride. 2001 F. POPCORN & A. HANFT Dict. Future 254 It has almost become a ‘duty’ to consume goods.

    7. trans.

    a. To spend (money), esp. wastefully; to squander (goods).

c1425 Bk. Found. St. Bartholomew's (1923) 55 God and his seyntes wytnes to youre wyckednes consumynge othir mennys poochys to fulfill your pursys. a1464 J. CAPGRAVE Abbreuiacion of Cron. (Cambr. G. IV. 12) (1983) 156 Causes were alleggid..at he had consumed e kyngis tresoure. c1530 Pol. Rel. & L. Poems (1866) 33 The mothir..myght be weddid to a yonge mane, For suche oone shulde sone caste her a-way & consume her goodes. 1608 Yorks. Tragedy I. ii. 198 My husband never ceases in expense Both to consume his credit and his house. 1691 A. WOOD Athenæ Oxon. II. 145 Having then consumed all his estate he grew very melancholy. 1713 Sin Punished 61 Daily Experience doth shew that many Noblemen, Gentlemen, and Rich Merchants have consumed all..with Harlots and riotous Living. 1782 F. BURNEY Cecilia I. I. viii. 113 Come, naked and breadless as ye are, and learn how that money is consumed. 1801 G. COLMAN Review II. i. 25, I must'nt live in idleness to consume the money you want yourself. 1876 TROLLOPE Prime Minister I. xviii. 298 Even if during this year he were to spend more than his income..he could not consume the additions to his wealth which had accrued and heaped themselves up since his marriage. 1919 C. KELSEY in F A. Cleveland & J. Schafer Democracy in Reconstruction iv. 69 The production of wealth does not in itself satisfy man's needs. He must consume his wealth. 1998 M. ROWLAND Commonsense Guide to your 401(k) iii. 103 Others..consider it most valuable for those who want to leave the money in their estates and less valuable for those who will need to consume the money.

    b. refl. To ruin oneself through excessive spending. Obs.

1533 in tr. Erasmus Enchiridion Militis Christiani xi. sig. G.iii. (margin) Pentheus..dyd non other thinge all his lyfe but hunte & followe dogges: so he consumed hymselfe & his substaunce lyke a foole. 1570 T. BLUNDEVILLE tr. F. Furio Ceriol Very Briefe Profitable Treat. sig. K.i, The prodygall counseler on the other side with wastfull spending, by little and little consumeth himselfe. 1602 tr. G. Corrozet Memorable Conceits 106 This knight hath not consumed himselfe, nor runne into debt..for the good and benefite of his country..: but hath spent and wasted all his wealth for the pleasure of his owne bodie. 1638 W. HAIG in J. Russell Haigs of Bemersyde (1881) viii. 219 The longer I stick here the more I consume myself in expense. 1709 J. STRYPE Ann. Reformation I. xliii. 476 A merchant, who had consumed himself greatly by his former liberality towards the poor English Exiles.

    8. trans. To spend or pass (a period of time), esp. wastefully. Also: to take up (time). Cf. time-consuming n. at TIME n. Compounds 1b(b).

a1500 (?c1425) Speculum Sacerdotale 45 With fleschely lustes he consumyd alle his tyme. 1555 R. EDEN tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde I. viii. f. 37^v, Owre men consumed certeyne dayes here very plesauntely. 1708 J. PHILIPS Cyder I. 23, I all the live-long Day Consume in Meditation deep, recluse From human Converse. 1759 W. ROBERTSON Hist. Scotl. I. III. 242 Two years had already been consumed in fruitless negociations. 1827 H. HALLAM Constit. Hist. Eng. I. iii. 168 Mary had now consumed the best years of her life in custody. 1867 TROLLOPE Last Chron. Barset I. xxviii. 244 She then proposed that he should..call upon the squire, and thus consume his time. 1938 A. J. HANNA Flight into Oblivion (ed. 2) x. 195 He had consumed a week in hiding from the Federal troops. 2000 Vanity Fair Feb. 171/2 The actual album-making consumed two years and $250,000.

    9. trans To wear out (a thing) by use. Obs.

1867 F. G. JOHNSON Nicolson Pavement 103 The other remains as sharp and cutting..until the body of the file itself is consumed or worn away. 1878 J. D. HOOKER & J. BALL Jrnl. Tour Marocco 156 The thin slippers universally used by the people are very soon consumed.

    III. Extended uses.

    10. trans. To engage the full attention or energy of (a person); (of a feeling or emotion) to overwhelm.

c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 894 e lefe hen at laide hir first egg, Hire bodi nowe with barante is barely consumed. 1576 A. FLEMING tr. Cicero in Panoplie Epist. 92 That sorrowe, wherewith..you are most consumed. 1596 R. JOHNSON Most Famous Hist. Seauen Champions iii. 14 Hee found an aged Hermit ouerworne with yeares, and almost consumed with griefe. 1692 W. CONGREVE Incognita 113, I burn and am consumed with hopeless Love. 1758 B. FRANKLIN Poor Richard's Almanack 6 Sloth, like Rust, consumes faster than Labour wears. 1777 W. JONES Laura in Poems 82 What pains consume me, and what cares infest. 1845 S. AUSTIN tr. L. von Ranke Hist. Reformation in Germany III. 51 It almost consumes me..when I reflect with what stains our good cause is covered by it. 1884 ‘H. COLLINGWOOD’ Under Meteor Flag 173 Little Summers and Ipoor Pilgarlicwere so entirely consumed with disgust. 1956 J. RHYS Let. 16 May (1984) 127, I feel like a fish in a tank and am consumed with a great wish to make faces at them. 1999 A. CAMERON in G. Metalious Peyton Place Introd. p. xxii. Writing Peyton Place consumed her. 2005 M. LEWYCKA Short Hist. Tractors in Ukrainian ii. 22, I am consumed with guilt that I didn't drop everything and rush to Mother's bedside.

    11. trans. To read (literature), watch (film or television), etc., esp. avidly or voraciously; to absorb (culture, art, etc).

1836 R. SOUTHEY Doctor I. 174 Well it is that some of those who are fruges consumere nati, think it proper that they should consume books also. 1864 C. E. WILBOUR tr. A. Hugo Victor Hugo xxi. 69/1 Madame Hugo consumed books enormously. 1952 Burlington (N. Carolina) Daily Times-News 16 Jan. 9A, Women..consume magazines dedicated to home-making. 1958 Chron.-Telegram (Elyria, Ohio) 18 Feb. 13/6 We sit down and consume TV without becoming deeply involved. 1990 New Yorker 16 July 12/1 The Russians seem to have entered the Western world by consuming French culture to the point of fetishization. 2004 Media Week 4 May 29/1 Highly digestible bite size chunks of news, perfect for consuming on a busy train when half asleep.

    12. trans. Chiefly Roman Law. To extinguish (a right of action). Now rare.

1854 P. M. C. DE COLQUHOUN tr. F. C. von Savigny in Summary Rom. Civil Law III. viii. 462 His right of action was consumed by his having recovered a judgement. 1875 E. POSTE tr. Gaius Institutionum Iuris Civilis (ed. 2) Contents 15 Non-statutory actions..have no power at civil law of consuming or novating a right of action. 1939 Mod. Law Rev. 2 311 Every Act of Parliament..must receive individual consideration to decide whether the penalty provisions were intended as the sole remedy and to consume any right of action at common law.

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    PHRASES

    to consume one's own smoke and variants: to keep one's problems or complaints to oneself; to keep one's own counsel.

1829 Foreign Q. 4 277 We cannot keep all our grumbling, our agitation, and fanaticism to ourselves..in a political view we cannot comply with the act of parliament which enjoins us to consume our own smoke. 1883 Fort Wayne (Indiana) Sunday Gaz. 21 Jan. 3/2 Are..[American women] careful to consume their own smoke, and to bring only an amiable face to the dinner table? 1915 V. WOOLF Voy. Out xv. 235 All I can do is to sit still and consume as much of my own smoke as possible. 1960 L. P. HARTLEY Facial Justice xix. 165 Oh, that she had someone to confide in! She was tired of consuming her own smoke. 1998 P. BLUM Surviving & Succeeding in Difficult Classrooms ix. 81 You must consume as much of your own smoke as you can. Don't try to funnel it all off on your direct line manager.

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